A sampling of publications by Dr. Bruhn and his colleagues is provided below. Some earlier papers are referenced in more recent publications. The 1995 chapter in the Oxford University Press book is relatively comprehensive in that regard.

Assessment Manuals

Bruhn, A.R., & Schiffman, H. (1982). Distinguishing Rotter Internals from Externals via themes from the earliest childhood memory, 16 pages. Available from the first author. ($5 to cover costs)

Bruhn, A.R. (1989). The Early Memories Procedure Manual, 12 pages. Available from the author. ($5 to cover costs)

Last, J. & Bruhn, A.R. (1991). The Comprehensive Early Memories Scoring System--Revised, 22 pages. Available from the second author. ($10 to cover costs)

Bruhn, A.R. & Tobey, L.H. (1991). The Early Memories Aggressiveness Potential Scoring System, 10 pages. Available from the first author. ($5 to cover costs)

Journal Articles, Book Chapters and Books

Bruhn, A.R. (1981). Children's earliest memories: Their use in clinical practice. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 258-262.

Bruhn, A.R., & Last, J. (1982). Early memories: Four theoretical perspectives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 119-127.

Bruhn, A.R., & Schiffman, H. (1982). Invalid assumptions and methodological difficulties in early memory research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 265-267.

Bruhn, A.R. & Schiffman, H. (1982). Prediction of locus of control stance from the earliest childhood memory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 380-390.

Bruhn, A.R., & Davidow, S. (1983). Earliest memories and the dynamics of delinquency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 476-482.

Bruhn, A.R., & Bellow, S. (1984). Warrior, General, and President: Dwight David Eisenhower and his earliest memories. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 371-377.

Bruhn, A.R. (1984). The use of early memories as a projective technique. In P. McReynolds and C.J. Chelume (Eds.) Advances in Psychological Assessment (Vol. 6, pp. 109-150). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

Bruhn, A.R. (1985). Using early memories as a projective technique--The Cognitive-Perceptual method. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 587-597.

Bruhn, A.R., & Bellow, S. (1987). The Cognitive-Perceptual approach to the interpretation of early memories: The earliest memories of Golda Meier. In C.D. Spielberger and J.N. Butcher (Eds.) Advances in Personality Assessment, (Vol. 6, pp. 69-87). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Davidow, S., & Bruhn, A.R. (1990). Earliest memories and the dynamics of delinquency: A replication study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 601-616.

Bruhn, A.R. (1990 a). Cognitive-Perceptual theory and the projective use of autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 95-114.

Bruhn, A.R. (1990 b). Earliest Childhood Memories: Theory and Application to Clinical Practice (Vol 1). New York: Praeger.

Bruhn, A.R. (1992 a). The Early Memories Procedure: A projective test of autobiographical memory (Part I). Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 1-15.

Bruhn, A.R. (1992 b). The Early Memories Procedure: A projective test of autobiographical memory (Part II). Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 326-346.

Tobey, L.H., & Bruhn, A.R. (1992). Early memories and the criminally dangerous. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 137-152.

Bruhn, A.R. (1995). Early memories in personality assessment. In J.N. Butcher (Ed.) Clinical Personality Assessment: Practical Considerations, (pp. 278-301). New York: Oxford University Press.

Bruhn, A.R. (1995). Ideographic aspects of injury memories: Applying contextual theory to the Comprehensive Early Memories Scoring System--Revised. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 195-236.

DeMuth, P.W., & Bruhn, A.R. (1997). The use of the Early Memories Procedure in a psychotherapy group of substance abusers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 41, 24-35.

Acklin, M.W., Wright, D.E., & Bruhn, A.R. (1997). He-She-It: The construction and destruction of an illusory identity. In J.R.Meloy, M.W. Acklin et al (Eds) Contemporary Rorschach Interpretation (pp. 453-480). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Bruhn, A.R., & Tobey, L.H. (in review). Early memories and dangerousness: A clinical approach.

Bruhn, A.R., Richards, H., & Lucinte, S. (in preparation). Treating the untreatable: Memory groups in a women's prison (Part 1).

Bruhn, A.R., & Feigenbaum, K. (In preparation). The Interpretation of Autobiographical Memories.

Projective Procedures

There are two procedures among these (noted with a *) which are commercially available from the - ONLINE BOOKSTORE -. The M.O.S., M.O.M., and M.O.F. are available for purchase in small quantities. In each case, I am the sole author.

The Early Memories Procedure, CR, 1987, 1989.*

The Early Memories Procedure--Couples Form, CR, 1987.

The Early Memories Procedure--Short Form, CR, 1988.

The Romantic Relationships Procedure, CR, 1989, 1990.*

Memories of Spouse (M.O.S.), CR, 1993.

Memories of Mother (M.O.M.), CR, 1993.

Memories of Father (M.O.F.), CR, 1993.

Individuals who are interested in using any of these procedures in their research are invited to discuss their needs by e-mail (bruhn@arbruhn.com)

Symposia Papers

There are too many papers to list in this website. If you have particular needs (say, offenders, prediction of delinquency or violence from memory data, normative data on early memories, Rorschach and memory data, and so forth), let me know. Again, correspond by e-mail, above.